Fuel cell stack having an integrated end plate assembly

ABSTRACT

A fuel cell stack ( 30 ) includes an integrated end plate assembly having a current collector ( 40 ) secured adjacent and end cell ( 36 ) of the stack, a pressure plate ( 42 ) secured adjacent the current collector ( 40 ), and a backbone ( 60 ) secured within a backbone-support plane ( 44 ) defined within the plate ( 42 ). Tie rod ends ( 62, 64, 66, 68 ) of the backbone ( 60 ) extend over a gap ( 84 ) defined between the backbone-support plane ( 44 ) and a deflection plane ( 50 ) defined within the pressure plate ( 42 ) so that the tie rod ends deflect within the gap ( 84 ) upon tightening of tie rods ( 78, 80 ). Deflection of the backbone enables the backbone ( 60 ) to permit limited expansion of the fuel cell stack ( 30 ) during operation, and the backbone ( 60 ) has adequate flexural strength to prohibit expansion of the stack ( 30 ) beyond operating dynamic limits of the stack ( 30 ).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to fuel cells that are suited for usagein transportation vehicles, portable power plants, or as stationarypower plants, and the disclosure especially relates to a fuel cell stackhaving an integrated end plate assembly that has a low thermal capacitythrough use of a combination of a current collector, a light pressureplate and a rigid backbone overlying the pressure plate.

BACKGROUND ART

Fuel cells are well-known and are commonly used to produce electricalenergy from reducing and oxidizing reactant fluids to power electricalapparatus, such as apparatus on-board space vehicles, transportationvehicles, or as on-site generators for buildings. A plurality of planarfuel cells are typically arranged into a cell stack surrounded by anelectrically insulating frame structure that defines manifolds fordirecting flow of reducing, oxidant, coolant and product fluids as partof a fuel cell power plant. Each individual fuel cell generally includesan anode electrode and a cathode electrode separated by an electrolyte.A fuel cell may also include a water transport plate, or a separatorplate, as is well known.

The fuel cell stack produces electricity from reducing fluid and processoxidant streams. As shown in the simplified schematic drawing of a priorart fuel cell stack in FIG. 1, the prior art fuel cell stack 10 includesa reaction portion 12 formed from a plurality of fuel cells 14 stackedadjacent each other that produce electricity in a well-known manner. Theplurality of fuel cells 14 includes a first end cell 16 and opposedsecond end cell 18 at opposed ends of the reaction portion 12 of thefuel cell stack 10. First and second pressure plates 20, 22 overlie theend cells 16, 18 and the pressure plates 20, 22 are secured to eachother typically by a plurality of tie rods (not shown) to apply acompressive load to the stack to seal a plurality of compression sealswithin the stack 10. Most known pressure plates 20, 22 are made oflarge, conductive metal materials.

During operation of such fuel cell stacks 10, creation of heat by thestack 10, and flow of compressed fluids through the stack 10 results inexpansion and contraction of dimensions of the stack 10 within operatingdynamic limits of the fuel cell stack 10. Therefore, to permit expansionof the stack 10 within such limits, known fuel cell stacks 10 utilize aload follow-up system. A common load follow-up system includes one ormore belleville washers (not shown) secured to each tie rod of the stack10, between a tie rod securing nut (not shown) and the pressure plates20, 22. Such a load follow-up system provides for limited expansionwithin the operating dynamic limits of the stack 10 while applying aconstant minimum load to the stack 10. Traditionally, to achieve aneffective load follow-up system, known fuel cell stacks 10 have utilizedlarge, heavy, metallic pressure plates 20, 22 as part of the loadfollow-up system.

Such known fuel cell stacks 10 have given rise to many problems relatedto a high thermal capacity of the large pressure plates 20, 22. Forexample, during a “bootstrap” start up from subfreezing conditions,preferably no auxiliary heated fluids are applied to the fuel cell stack10, while a reducing fluid, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant, such asoxygen or air, are supplied to the fuel cells 14. In a fuel cell 14utilizing a proton exchange membrane (“PEM”) as the electrolyte, thehydrogen electrochemically reacts at a catalyst surface of an anodeelectrode to produce hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons areconducted to an external load circuit and then returned to the cathodeelectrode, while the hydrogen ions transfer through the electrolyte tothe cathode electrode, where they react with the oxidant and electronsto produce water and release thermal energy. Electricity produced by thefuel cells 14 flows into and/or through the conductive pressure plates20, 22.

During such a “bootstrap” start up, the fuel cells 14 that are in acentral region of the stack 10 quickly rise in temperature compared tothe end cells 16, 18 that are adjacent opposed ends of the stack 10. Theend cells 16, 18 heat up more slowly because heat generated by the endcells 16, 18 is rapidly conducted into the large, conductive metallicpressure plates 20, 22. If a temperature of the end cells 16, 18 is notquickly raised to greater than 0 degrees Celsius (“° C.”), water inwater transport plates within the stack 10 will remain frozen therebypreventing removal of product water, which results in the end cells 16,18 being flooded with fuel cell product water. The flooding of the endcells 16, 18 retards reactant fluids from reaching catalysts of the endcells 16, 18 and may result in a negative voltage in the end cells 16,18. The negative voltage in the end cells 16, 18 may result in hydrogengas evolution at cathode electrodes and/or corrosion of carbon supportlayers of electrodes of the cells 16, 18. Such occurrences would degradethe performance and long-term stability of the fuel cell stack 10.

Many efforts have been undertaken to resolve such problems. For example,U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,786 that issued on Jul. 20, 2004, to Morrow et al.discloses a pressure plate that is made of an electricallynon-conductive, non-metallic, fiber reinforced composite material, sothat the pressure plate is light, compact and has a low thermalcapacity. Similarly U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,901 that issued on Nov. 30,2004, to Reiser et al. discloses a fuel cell stack having thermalinsulting spacers between pressure plates and end cells. Both of thesepatents are owned by the assignee of all rights in the presentdisclosure. While known fuel cell stacks have limited such problemsrelated to the high thermal capacity of large, metallic pressure plates,such fuel cell stacks still present substantial challenges for efficientoperation, especially for PEM electrolyte based fuel cells within fuelcell stacks that undergo frequent start-stop cycles in varying ambientconditions, such as in powering transportation vehicles.

Accordingly, there is a need for a fuel cell stack having end cellswherein temperatures of the end cells can be raised to greater than 0°C. as quickly as possible during start up from subfreezing conditions,and that can also provide an efficient load follow-up system.

SUMMARY

The disclosure is a fuel cell stack for producing electricity fromreducing fluid and process oxidant reactant streams. The stack includesa plurality of fuel cells stacked adjacent each other to form a reactionportion of the fuel cell stack. An end cell is secured at an outer endof the reaction portion of the fuel cell stack. The stack also includesan integrated end plate assembly secured adjacent the end cell. Theassembly includes a current collector secured adjacent and in electricalcommunication with the end cell, and a pressure plate secured adjacentthe current collector and overlying the end cell. The pressure plate ismade of an electrically non-conductive, non-metallic composite material.The pressure plate defines a backbone-support plane that extends adistance from a center of the pressure plate to between about thirtypercent and about eighty percent of a distance between the center of thepressure plate and an exterior perimeter of the pressure plate. (Forpurposes herein, the word “about” is to mean plus or minus twentypercent.) The pressure plate also defines a deflection plane extendingbetween the backbone-support plane and the exterior perimeter of thepressure plate. The deflection plane is also defined between thebackbone-support plane and a contact surface of the pressure plateadjacent the current collector.

The integrated end plate assembly also includes a backbone having aplurality of tie-rod ends defining throughbores configured to receiveand secure tie rods adjacent a perimeter of the fuel cell stack. Thebackbone includes at least one beam that extends between the tie-rodends. The backbone is secured adjacent the backbone-support plane of thepressure plate, and the beam contacts and extends along thebackbone-support plane so that the pressure plate is secured between thebackbone and the current collector. The tie-rod ends of the backboneoverlie the deflection plane of the pressure plate to thereby define agap between the tie-rod ends and the deflection plane. The backbone hasadequate flexibility to permit expansion of the fuel cell stack withinoperating dynamic limits of the stack and the backbone also has adequateflexural strength to prohibit expansion of the fuel cell stack beyondthe operating dynamic limits of the stack. The deflection plane isdefined within the pressure plate an adequate distance from thebackbone-support plane to permit flexure of the backbone within the gapdefined between the tie rod ends of the backbone and the deflectionplane.

By integrating the backbone with the multi-plane pressure plate, thepresent fuel cell stack achieves an efficient follow-up load systemwithout the heavy, high thermal mass of known fuel cell stacks. Throughdeflection of the tie rod ends of the backbone within the gap adjacentthe deflection plane of the pressure plate, the backbone acts as acantilevered beam to extend between opposed perimeters of the pressureplate to both redistribute a clamping load from the tie rod ends throughthe center of the pressure plate, and to also provide sufficientdeflection to provide a load follow-up system for the cell stack.

Upon assembly of the fuel cell stack, as the tie rod nuts tighten thetie rods to apply a compressive load to the stack, the tie rod ends bendor deflect into the gap, but do not contact the deflection plane of thepressure plate. During operation of the fuel cell stack the tie rod endswill deflect slightly at different operating temperatures and conditionsof the stack to permit expansion of the stack within the operatingdynamic limits of the stack. The backbone is configured with adequateflexural strength to prohibit expansion of the stack beyond thoselimits. Deflection of the backbone will also gradually decrease overtime because fuel cell components become slightly thinner due tocompressive creep. This follow-up load system provided by the cantileverbeam-like deflection of the backbone results in significantly lesschange in an overall load of the fuel cell stack for a specific changein stack thickness compared to changes in a load of a fuel cell stackhaving known large metal pressure plates for a similar change in stackthickness. In a preferred embodiment, the backbone is made of stainlesssteel.

Accordingly, it is a general purpose of the present disclosure toprovide a fuel cell stack having an integrated end plate assembly thatovercomes deficiencies of the prior art.

It is a more specific purpose to provide a fuel cell stack having a lowthermal mass integrated end plate assembly that distributes a clampingload from a perimeter of the fuel cell stack through a center of thestack, and that provides an efficient follow-up load system to affordlimited expansion of the stack.

These and other purposes and advantages of the present a fuel cell stackhaving an integrated end plate assembly will become more readilyapparent when the following description is read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic representation of a prior art fuel cellstack.

FIG. 2 is a sectional, schematic side view of a fuel cell stack havingan integrated end plate assembly constructed in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the Figure fuel cell stack showing abackbone secured within a pressure plate.

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the backbone of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the pressure plate of FIG. 3 showing abackbone-support plane and a deflection plane defined within the plate.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the drawings in detail, a sectional view of a fuel cellstack having an integrated end plate assembly is shown in FIG. 2, and isgenerally designated by the reference numeral 30. The fuel cell stack 30includes a plurality of fuel cells 32 stacked adjacent each other toform a reaction portion 34 of the fuel cell stack 30 for producingelectricity from reducing fluid and process oxidant reactant streams. Anend cell 36 is secured at an outer end of the reaction portion 34 of thefuel cell stack 30. The fuel cell stack 30 also includes an integratedend plate assembly 38 secured adjacent the end cell 36.

The integrated end plate assembly 38 includes an electrically conductivecurrent collector 40 secured adjacent to and in electrical communicationwith the end cell 36 to direct flow of the electrical current from thefuel cells 32, 36 out of the stack 30. A pressure plate 42 is securedadjacent the current collector 40 at a surface of the current collector40 opposed to the surface of the current collector 40 contacting the endcell 36. The pressure plate may also overlie the end cell 36. Thepressure plate 42 has adequate stiffness to apply an even compressiveload to the fuel cells 32, 36 of the stack 30, and may be made of anelectrically non-conductive, non-metallic composite material.

The pressure plate 42 defines a backbone-support plane 44 shown in FIG.5. The backbone-support plane 44 extends a distance from a center 46 ofthe pressure plate 42 to between about thirty percent and about eightypercent, or preferably between about fifty percent and about sixtypercent of a distance between the center 46 of the pressure plate 42 andan exterior perimeter 48 of the pressure plate 42. An optimal distanceof the extension of the backbone-support plane 44 is about fifty-fivepercent. This distance is established to minimize undesirable distortionof the pressure plate 42 while optimizing deflection of a backbone 60supported adjacent the backbone-support plane 44, as described in moredetail below. The pressure plate 42 also defines a deflection plane 50extending between the backbone-support plane 44 and the exteriorperimeter 48 of the pressure plate 42. A plurality of ramps 52A, 52B,52C, 52D, or edges may also be defined within the pressure plate 42between the backbone-support plane 44 and the deflection plane 50. Asshown in FIG. 5, the deflection plane 50 may be defined at a pluralityof locations at the exterior perimeter 48 of the pressure plate 42, suchas at the four corners of the rectangular-shaped pressure plate 42 shownin FIG. 5. The deflection plane 50 is also defined between thebackbone-support plane 44 and a contact surface 54 of the pressure plate42 that is adjacent to the current collector 40. By use of the phrases“backbone-support plane 44” and “deflection plane 50” it is meant thatthe two components are on differing planes, and hence are not co-planar.However, the phrases do not mean that that the “backbone-support plane44” or “deflection plane 50” are necessarily planar throughout theirrespective surface areas, or are necessarily in a plane parallel to eachother or to any other component of the fuel cell stack 30. In apreferred embodiment, the backbone-support plane 44 and deflection plane50 may be planar throughout their surface areas, and may also be inparallel planes, but that is not a requirement of the disclosure. Thepressure plate 42 may also define a plurality of walls 56A, 56B, 56C,56D, adjacent to the backbone-support plane 44 and/or the deflectionplane 50 and arising in a direction away from the current collector 42.The pressure plate 42 may also define a plurality of cut-outs tominimize material requirements in fabrication of the plate 42.

The integrated plate assembly 30 also includes the backbone 60 as shownin FIGS. 2, 3, and 4. The backbone 60 includes a plurality of tie-rodends 62, 64, 66, 68, and each tie-rod end 62 defines a throughbore 70,72, 74, 76 configured to receive and secure tie-rods 78, 80 adjacent theperimeter of a cell stack 30, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. While FIG. 2shows only one end of the fuel cell stack 30, it is to be understoodthat the present disclosure may include identical or similar structuresdescribed herein at an opposed end (not shown) of the fuel cell stack30. The backbone 60 also includes at least one beam 82 extending betweenthe tie-rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68. As best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, thebackbone 60 is secured adjacent the backbone-support plane 44 of thepressure plate 42, and the beam 82 is configured to contact and extendalong the backbone-support plane 44 to secure the pressure plate 42between the backbone 60 and the current collector 40. In a preferredembodiment, the beam 82 passes over the center 46 of the pressure plate42 to facilitate distribution of the tie rod 78, 80 clamping forcesthroughout the pressure plate 42.

The tie-rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68, of the backbone 60 are configured tooverlie the deflection plane 50 of the pressure plate 42, therebydefining a gap 84 between the tie-rod ends and deflection plane 50, asshown in FIG. 2. The backbone 60 is configured to have adequateflexibility to permit expansion of the fuel cell stack within operatingdynamic limits of the stack 30 and the backbone 60 has adequate flexuralstrength to prohibit the fuel cell stack 30 from expanding beyond theoperating dynamic limits of the stack 30. The deflection plane 50 isdefined within the pressure plate 42 an adequate distance from thebackbone-support plane 44 to permit the described deflection of thebackbone 60 within the gap 84.

The fuel cell stack 30 may also include a current collector lead 86 thatis secured by fasteners 88A, 88B to the pressure plate 42 and that issecured in electrical communication with the current collector 40 todirect electrical current from the collector 40 to current terminals90A, 90B that may be secured at an outer surface 92 of the pressureplate 42. As best seen in FIGS. 3 and 5 the walls 56A, 56B, 56C, 56D,that are defined within the pressure plate 42 and adjacent thebackbone-support plane 44 and/or the deflection plane 50 are alsoconfigured to be adjacent the backbone 60 on the backbone-support plane44. The walls 56A, 56B, 56C, 56D thereby prohibit lateral motion of thebackbone 60 in any direction about parallel to a plane defined by thecontact surface 54 of the pressure plate 42.

By integrating the backbone 60 with the pressure plate 42 that has boththe backbone-support plane 44 and the deflection plane 50, the fuel cellstack performs as an efficient follow-up load system, without a heavy,high thermal mass pressure plate 20, 22 of a prior art fuel cell stack10. The backbone 60 may be made of any material that is sufficientlystrong to achieve the described functions. A preferred material for thebackbone 60 is stainless steel, and a preferred stainless steel is 316Lstainless steel. A preferred current collector 40 is constructed of goldplated tin, or gold plated 316L stainless steel. By decreasing anoverall mass of the backbone 60 through high-strength materials, thedetrimental loss of heat described above by fuel cells 32 adjacent theend cell 36 can be eliminated or minimized, while also providing thedescribed follow-up load system. In a preferred embodiment, a maximumplanar cross-sectional area of the backbone 60 in a plane parallel tothe contact surface 54 of the pressure plate 42 is no greater than aboutfifty percent of a planar cross sectional area of the pressure plate 42in a plane parallel to the contact surface 54 of the pressure plate 42.

In use of the fuel cell stack 30 having the integrated end plateassembly 30, as the tie rods 78, 80 are tightened upon the backbone 60tie rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68, the tie rods 78, 80 apply a compressiveload to the stack 30. The tie rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68 bend or deflectinto the gap 84, but do not contact the deflection plane 50 of thepressure plate 42. During operation of the fuel cell stack 30 the tierod ends 62, 64, 66, 68 will deflect slightly at different operatingtemperatures and conditions of the stack 30 to permit expansion of thestack 30 within the operating dynamic limits of the stack 30. Deflectionof the backbone 60 will also gradually decrease over time because fuelcell stack 30 components become slightly thinner due to compressivecreep. The follow-up load system provided by the cantilever beam-likedeflection of the backbone 60 within the gap 84 results in significantlyless change in an overall load of the fuel cell stack 30 for a specificchange in stack 30 thickness compared to changes in a load of a priorart fuel cell stack 10 having known large metal pressure plates 20, 22for a similar change in thickness of the prior art stack 10.

The present disclosure also includes a method of dynamically securingfuel cells 32, 36 within a fuel cell stack 30, including the steps ofdefining a backbone-support plane 44 within a pressure plate 42 so thatthe backbone-bone support plane 44 extends a distance from a center 46of the pressure plate 42 that is between about thirty percent and abouteighty percent of a distance between the center of the plate 42 and anexterior perimeter 48 of the plate 42; defining a deflection plane 50within the pressure plate 42 extending between the backbone-supportplane 44 and the exterior perimeter 48 of the pressure plate and betweenthe backbone-support plane 44 and the contact surface 54 of the pressureplate 42; securing the pressure plate 42 adjacent a current collector40; securing the current collector 40 adjacent the end cell 36 of thestack 30; securing the backbone 60 within the backbone-support plane 44so that tie rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68 of the backbone 60 extend over thedeflection plane 50 defined within the pressure plate 42; and deflectingthe tie rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68 within the gap 84 defined between thetie rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68 and the deflection plane 50 by tighteningtie rods 78, 80 within the tie rod ends 62, 64, 66, 68 of the backbone60. By tightening the tie rods 78, 80 to deflect the tie rod ends 62,64, 66, 68 into the gap 84, the method of dynamically securing the fuelcells 32, 36 within the fuel cell stack 30 provides for bothredistribution of the compressive load of the tie rods 78, 80 adjacentthe exterior perimeter 48 through the pressure plate 42 to the center 46of the plate 42, and also provides the described follow-up load system.

While the present disclosure has been disclosed with respect to thedescribed and illustrated fuel cell stack 30 having an integrated endplate assembly 38, it is to be understood the disclosure is not to belimited to those alternatives and described embodiments. For example,the disclosure may be utilized with any fuel cells including phosphoricacid fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, etc. Accordingly,reference should be made primarily to the following claims rather thanthe forgoing description to determine the scope of the disclosure.

1. A fuel cell stack (30) for producing electricity from reducing fluid and process oxidant reactant streams, the fuel cell stack (30) comprising: a. a plurality of fuel cells (32) stacked adjacent each other to form a reaction portion (34) of the fuel cell stack (30), the plurality of fuel cells (32) including an end cell (36) at an outer end of the reaction portion (34) of the fuel cell stack (30); b. an integrated end plate assembly (38) secured adjacent the end cell (36), the assembly including; i. a current collector (40) secured adjacent and in electrical communication with the end cell (36); ii. a pressure plate (42) secured adjacent the current collector and overlying the end cell (36), the pressure plate (42) defining a backbone-support plane (44) extending a distance from a center (46) of the pressure plate to between about thirty percent and about eighty percent of a distance between the center (46) of the pressure plate (42) and an exterior perimeter (48) of the pressure plate (42), and the pressure plate (42) defining a deflection plane (50) extending between the backbone-support plane (44) and the exterior perimeter (48) of the pressure plate (42), the deflection plane (50) also being between the backbone-support plane (44) and a contact surface (54) of the pressure plate (42) adjacent the current collector (40); iii. a backbone (60) including a plurality of tie-rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) defining throughbores (70, 72, 74, 76) configured to receive and secure tie rods (78, 80) adjacent a perimeter (48) of the pressure plate (42), the backbone (60) including at least one beam (82) extending between the tie-rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68), the backbone (60) being secured adjacent the backbone-support plane (60) and configured to contact and extend along the backbone-support plane (44), and the tie-rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) of the backbone (60) configured to overlie the deflection plane (55) and define a gap (84) between the tie-rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) and the deflection plane (50), the backbone (60) configured to have adequate flexibility to permit expansion of the fuel cell stack (30) within operating dynamic limits of the stack (30) and having predetermined flexural strength to prohibit expansion of the stack (30) beyond the operating dynamic limits of the stack (30); and, iv. the deflection plane (55) being defined within the pressure plate (42) a predetermined distance from the backbone-support plane (44) to permit flexure of the backbone (60) within the gap (84).
 2. The fuel cell stack (30) of claim 1, wherein the backbone-support plane extends a distance from the center (46) of the pressure plate to between about fifty percent and about sixty percent of a distance between the center (46) of the pressure plate (42) and an exterior perimeter (48) of the pressure plate (42).
 3. The fuel cell stack (30) of claim 1, wherein the beam (82) of the backbone (60) extends across the center (46) of the pressure plate (42).
 4. The fuel cell stack (30) of claim 1, wherein a maximum planar cross sectional area of the backbone (60) in a plane parallel to the contact surface (54) of the pressure plate (42) is no greater than about fifty percent of a planar cross sectional area of the pressure plate (42) in a plane parallel to the contact surface (54) of the pressure plate (42).
 5. The fuel cell stack (30) of claim 1, wherein the pressure plate (42) defines a plurality of walls (56A, 56B, 56C, 56D) adjacent the backbone (60) and arising in a direction away from the current collector (42), the plurality of walls (56A, 56B, 56C, 56D) configured to prohibit lateral motion of the backbone (60) in any direction about parallel to a plane defined by the contact surface (54) of the pressure plate (42).
 6. A method of dynamically securing fuel cells (32, 36) within a fuel cell stack (30), comprising the steps of: a. defining a backbone-support plane (44) within a pressure plate (42), the backbone-support plane (44) configured to extend a distance from a center (46) of the pressure plate (42) to between about thirty percent and about eighty percent of a distance between the center (46) of the plate (42) and an exterior perimeter (48) of the plate (42), and defining a deflection plane (50) within the pressure plate (42) extending between the backbone-support plane (44) and the exterior perimeter (48) of the pressure plate (42) and between the backbone-support plane (44) and a contact surface (54) of the pressure plate (42); b. securing the contact surface (54) of the pressure plate (42) adjacent a current collector (40); c. securing the current collector (40) adjacent an end cell (36) of the stack (30); d. securing a backbone (60) within the backbone-support plane (44) so that tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) of the backbone (60) extend over the deflection plane (50) defined within the pressure plate (42); and, e. deflecting the tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) within a gap (84) defined between the tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) and the deflection plane (50) by tightening tie rods (78, 80) within the tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) of the backbone (60).
 7. A method of dynamically securing fuel cells (32) within a fuel cell stack (30), comprising the steps of: a. integrating a backbone (60) within a multi-plane pressure plate (42) coupled to a current collector (40) secured adjacent an end cell (36) of the fuel cell stack (30) to form a low thermal mass integrated end plate assembly (38); b. deflecting tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) of the backbone (60) within a gap (84) adjacent a deflection plane (50) of the multi-plane pressure plate (42); c. extending a beam (82) of the backbone (60) between opposed exterior perimeters (48) of the multi-plane pressure plate (42); d. redistributing a clamping load from the tie-rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) of the backbone (60) through the center (46) of the multi-plane pressure plate (42); and, e. providing a load follow-up load wherein the tie-rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) deflect within the gap (84) to a predetermined value in an absence of contacting the deflection plane (50).
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising deflecting the tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) into the gap (84) responsive to varying fuel cell temperatures, and permitting expansion of the fuel cell stack (32) within operating dynamic limits of the fuel cell stack (32).
 9. The method of claim 7, comprising the further step of configuring the backbone (60) with a predetermined flexural strength to prohibit expansion of the fuel cell stack (32) beyond operating dynamic limits of the fuel cell stack (32).
 10. The method of claim 7, comprising the further steps of gradually decreasing deflection of the tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68) of the backbone (60) responsive to thinning of the fuel cells (32) resulting from compressive creep, and maintaining the follow-up load responsive to the decreasing deflection of the tie rod ends (62, 64, 66, 68). 